vim Is Not About hjkl

Every once in a while, people make a pained kind of face when I tell them I do all of my text editing in vim. Their expression feels a lot like they’re saying “oh, that’s cute.” When they ask me why I don’t use, for example, Sublime Text, I inevitably answer, “because it’s not vim.”

“But there are vim bindings for Sublime Text,” they respond, confused. “Why not just use those? It’s just like vim, but better.”

Herein lies a misconception that seems to bite even advanced vim users; vim is not about hjkl, by which I mean, it’s not the keybindings that make vim great. Don’t get me wrong, vim’s mnemonic bindings are really, really good. Being able to type dap to delete a paragraph is pretty clever, and is probably in line with what is going through your head when you actually want to delete a paragraph.

Yes, using vim bindings will make you a faster programmer. Probably significantly, if you’re using some other defaults in your text editor. But neither the keybindings (nor relatedly, its modality) is really the point of vim.

The point of vim is that it’s a language, in the same way that C++ or Haskell is a language. vim, however, is a language whose purpose is to edit text, and like any language, it is extensible in interesting ways. Let’s look at an example.

vim is full of all sorts of commands which don’t seem to be very useful at first glance. Take, for example, the :global/abc command, which in this case, shows you any lines in which abc occur. Kinda cool, I guess, but not much more useful than searching for the string with /abc. However, you can actually append global with a slash and another command. If you wanted to delete every line on which abc occurs, you could instead do :g/abc/d¹, or, if you’re not into the whole brevity thing: :global/abc/delete.

You can maybe think of a few uses for :g if you really try hard, but here’s a more challenging puzzle: the :normal command. Normal is the command that presses keys for you. Try it! Typing :norm gg will bring you to the top line of your file, because when it runs it just presses gg for you. But notice that you still had to type it out, plus a few keystrokes for “normal”, so we’re not really ahead.

Figured out why this might be useful, yet?

One answer is that we can combine it with :g, to press keys for us on any line that has a match. :g/abc/norm $x deletes the last character on any line that has the substring “abc”, while :g/xyz/norm @p runs the p macro on every line containing “xyz”.

And here’s the rub. vim commands compose beautifully, just like real languages do. There’s amazing power at your fingertips with the ability to write very specific editing commands that simply don’t exist in other editors due to being too specialized.

Sublime Text, while it emulates the basic vim movements, fails to emulate any ex commands (except for maybe :%s. I haven’t checked, but this seems to be the only ex command that vim emulations emulate.) And really, ex commands are why vim is a powerful editor. vim is not about hjkl.

Speaking of commands which are too specialized to be implemented by your editor: you will likely find yourself doing the same kinds of mechanical editing over and over, simply because your editor doesn’t provide any abstractions over it. Me, for example, I leave behind a lot of TODOs, because I’m a shit programmer who never finishes anything all the way. In order to leave behind a TODO, here are the steps I need to take:

• O to open insert on a newline above my cursor
• Remember how to make a comment in my current language
• Type TODO(sandy):
• Type out what I’m supposed to do
• Hit ESC

I leave maybe five TODOs per day, which if you do the math, is approximately 90 keystrokes a day of boilerplate around TODOs. Over the course of my career, that’s roughly 900, 000 keystrokes that I didn’t really want to be typing anyway. Almost a million keystrokes in my life will be dedicated to leaving myself notes for things I couldn’t actually be fucked to do. That sounds like a pretty bum deal if you ask me.

Consider what happens in real life when you find yourself describing the same long concept over and over again. After a while you get annoyed and decide to fix the damn problem, save yourself some effort and just make up a new word that means what you’ve been saying this whole time, in fewer words. In fact, over time, having relatively short words for big concepts is what allows us to build on top of the concepts; our attention spans aren’t very long, and if we spent all of them keeping track of long descriptions, we’d never get anywhere.

Remember, vim is a language too. It seems like we should be able to abstract this line of reasoning to vim, and indeed we can. In what turns out to be very convenient to my argument, as a matter of fact, my .vimrc² file currently has the following in it:

nmap <leader>td OTODO(sandy): <ESC>gccA

I’ll be the first to admit that viml isn’t the world’s prettiest programming language, but unfortunately, it’s what we’ve got. With the help of the vim-commentary plugin, this line of code reduces my previous 18 keystrokes of boilerplate to make a TODO down to only three. Pressing <leader>td³ while in normal mode creates an empty TODO in the line above my cursor, and leaves me hanging in insert mode to fill in what needs doing.

:nmap abc xyz is a command which remaps the key combination abc when in normal mode to instead press xyz for you. This is maybe a bad example, because you should almost always use :nnoremap instead of :nmap, but until you know why, just trust me and use :nnoremap. Or read :help nnoremap.

And just like that, I’ve created a new command. You’ll notice how terse it is. nmap to tell vim what I’m doing, <leader>td to tell it what my command is called, and OTODO(sandy): <ESC>gccA for the buttons it should press for me when I run the command.

Imagine trying to do this in Sublime Text: you need to scan through some menus – Preferences → Key Bindings → User – and then write some Python dictionary or JSON or something. And you’d have to look up what the command you want to run is, because you can’t refer to things by the keys you’d press.

For those of you keeping score at home, that’s another point for vim.

“But Sandy! That’s not fair!” I hear you argue. “There’s boilerplate in vim for me to add this to my .vimrc file. I don’t see you counting that.” That’s true. You’re right. But I know something you don’t. I’ve got this in my .vimrc:

nnoremap <leader>ev :e ~/.vimrc<CR>

Now <leader>ev (mnemonic: edit vimrc) fires up .vimrc to be edited, by typing out :e, the path to my .vimrc, and then pressing Enter (known in vim as carriage return). But there’s still some boilerplate to actually reload .vimrc (since it is not automatically updated). So I automated that too:

augroup automaticallySourceVimrc
  au!
  au bufwritepost .vimrc source ~/.vimrc
augroup END

This watches for whenever I save .vimrc, and runs :source ~/.vimrc when I do – updating any new bindings or settings I may have added to it. If you don’t feel like you know what all of these lines do, feel free to have a look at :help :au.

Here’s what the end-goal is to all of this. What we’re trying to accomplish here is to minimize the friction between things you find annoying in vim, and the time it takes you to fix them. I make at least four changes to my .vimrc every day, and I can afford to do this because it’s easy and quick.

vim is not about hjkl. It isn’t even really about the ability to compose commands together⁴. vim is about being a language for editing. Actually that’s not entirely true either; vim is about being your language for editing. What you’re really trying to accomplish is to write your own editing language, one that is perfectly in sync with the way you think about editing code. If you can minimize the difference between what you think and what you need to type to make it happen, you win.

I was pair programming with someone the other day in a stock vim config. Given that I’ve been using vim as my primary editor for two years now, you might assume I’d feel right at home. But as a matter of fact, I couldn’t do anything.

Whenever I tried to save, my cursor jumped to the end of the line instead. Trying to run ex commands simply moved my cursor down a line. It took me a few tries just to get out of insert mode. The best part? I was elated about the whole thing. That meant what I was doing was working; I was slowly migrating towards the perfect editor for me. Notice that that’s not the perfect editor, but the perfect editor for me. I had kept the pieces that made sense to me, and ruthlessly changed the pieces that didn’t,

If you are a sysadmin, this is not behavior you want. If you aren’t, and spend 90+% of your time coding at a single computer, it makes a lot of sense to try to optimize your experience on it. Most programmers aren’t sysadmins, and most of them spend most of their time coding at a single computer. Actually consider it before blithely arguing that you need to keep your vim stock so that you can use it when you migrate, or if someone else is at your terminal.

Those things don’t happen very often. I am probably going to type fewer than 900, 000 keystrokes at someone else’s computer over my career, so adding that TODO binding alone is worthwhile. Seriously, consider it.

We’re programmers for fuck’s sake. We spend our entire careers building tools that reduce the amount of manual labor required in the world. But for some spooky reason (I can only assume voodoo), most programmers don’t apply this to themselves and their own tools. They use what they’re given, and maybe grumble about them once in a while. This is what vim is: a good starting point for the optimal tool. But it’s not there yet, and it’s up to you to sculpt it into what you need.

And please, for the love of god, try not to wiggle your eyebrows so smugly the next time you suggest that Sublime Text with vim bindings is much better than vim alone.

Addendum: as a little something to get your creative juices flowing, I’m going to toot my own horn here a little and point out some of my more favorite changes to vim. The objective is to give you a sense of what’s possible, and how little you need to put up with if there’s something you don’t like in vim.

They’re in no particular order.

• Added a way to track down all of those TODOs I left behind.
• Remapped : to <CR>. This makes ex commands into a kind of <CR> sandwich.
• Added bindings to create newlines without entering insert mode.
• Minimized the keystrokes necessary to switch buffers.
• Made indenting commands repeatable in visual mode.
• Disabled a bunch of dumb keys I accidentally hit all the time.
• Added an easy way to switch between header and implementation files in C.
• Bound save to ;;.
• Changed capslock to <ESC>. This one is kind of a cheat, because it’s actually xmodmap and not vim. But hey, it’s awesome anyway.

Bonus: I extract the links in that list above and wrote markdown anchors for them with this:
:g/\]\[vim-/exec "norm $T[yi]Go\<ESC>p0ys$]A: \<ESC>".